Stress and Threats of Terrorism an Example by

Stress and Threats of Terrorism by Expert Marvellous | 28 Dec 2016 As we all know, terrorism is by no means new phenomenon, as it first appeared with the dawn of the recorded history of the humankind. But with the development of the new technologies, such as scientific, social and economical, terrorism got an opportunity to escalate and expand the sphere of its agency. Terrorism is something more than a usual crime, whichs addressed against a particular person, or a group of people. Need essay sample on "Stress and Threats of Terrorism" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Sri Lankan former Foreign Minister, Lakshman Kadirgamar noted that: the terrorist act is seen as an attack on society as a whole, on democratic institutions. A terrorist attack is an act of war against society. Thats why the recent boost in the development of terrorism troubles both the politicians and the ordinary citizens. Nowadays most terrorist organizations have their roots in the countries, where the religious beliefs are very strong, so that the common citizens, when called up to defend and promote their religious views, answer this call readily. One of the distinguishing features of the contemporary terrorism is that its increasingly religious in nature. The leaders of the terrorist organizations, who chase their own goals, such as to satisfy their lure for power, or personal enrichment, had to develop a motivation to recruit the common members to their organizations, those who would accomplish all the dirty work. Other researches consider the belief systems of the terrorists to be the reason for their agency. Martha Crenshaw noted that the terrorists actions are based on the subjective interpretation of the surrounding world, whichs dictated by their religious beliefs. Rex A. Hudson, the author of the report dedicated to the sociology and psychology of terrorism, notes that the belief systems of the terrorists are formed from the cultural traditions of their society, their political and social environment and the internal dynamics of their clandestine groups. He also states that regardless of the fact, that their actions often seem to be delusional and irrational to the members of other societies, the terrorists may nevertheless act rationally in their commitment to acting on their convictions. There are many hypotheses on why Muslims become terrorists. The author of the article in Psychology Today that deals with the phenomenon of suicide terrorism suggests that young people become terrorists because of the despair and fear. The author also notes that one fourth of Palestinians, the dwellers of the country from which lots of terrorists emerge, are clinically depressed. They don't have any point in life except for fighting, as there are no opportunities for them in their country destroyed by the continuous wars. Before the recent development of terrorist movement occurred, those criminals had never had an access to the WMDs, as those were small groups, sponsored by some rich believers or organizations. Nowadays, the scale of terroristic movement has increased greatly, as they often get money and support directly from the governments of some countries, either Muslim or not. Lots of politicians are sure that the terrorists have an access to the weapon of mass destruction, but they either are afraid to use it or wait for a suitable moment to do it. The accident which happened in Jordan, April 2004, when the Al Qaeda attempted to destroy the Jordan government and kill 80 thousand people with the chemical weapon, proves that the terrorists have the WMDs and are ready to use it. Luckily, their attempt failed, but who knows, whether the counterterrorist will be successful next time. The authors of the book Countering the New Terrorism state that the motivations for the terrorists wont change during the information age, but the methods used by them to destroy their enemies will. Terrorists will use the new opportunities, provided to them by the newly developed informational technologies. Nowadays, together with the physical destruction of the enemy they begin to destruct the informational infrastructures of the opposing countries. Not to sound naked, lets recall the The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelams (LTTE) attempts to disrupt the E-mail communication systems of the Sri Lanka Government agencies, which took place in 1998. Apart from the grief and pity the events of 11 September brought to millions of American people, it has also granted the U.S citizens the understanding that they are not safe living in isolation from the problems other countries experience. American government had always had "zero tolerance" policy towards terrorism, but after the 9/11 many of the politicians and the ordinary citizens understood that the U.S government had to act much more intensively to prevent other terroristic acts both on its territory and worldwide. Martin A. Kalis in his article A New Approach to International Terrorism describes the four main principles of U.S policy towards terrorism. Those are: a). strike no deals with the terrorists; b). bring them to justice for their crimes; c). isolate and apply pressure on states that sponsor terrorism, to make them change their policies; d). bolster the counterterrorism capabilities of those countries that work with the United States and require assistance. Terrorism is a terrible threat to the life of people worldwide. Living in constant fear that one, or his children, friends or relatives can become the victims of the religious fanatic is very stressful and straining. This is why measures should be taken to eliminate terrorism instead of trying to communicate with the leaders of the terrorist movement. The experience proves that religious fanatics are almost impossible to communicate with, as they are incapable of compromising. In the same time measures should be taken for to prevent the emergence of new terrorist groups. As the research showed, it is often that young people become terrorists as they don't have any perspectives in their countries destructed by war. To prevent further strengthening of terrorism the conditions of life should be changed in the Arabic and Asian countries to eliminate the reasons for which terrorists appear. Unfortunately, sooner or later all the people die, and the terrorists are not an exception from this rule. Their groups continue their agency because every day new young people join them. If the U.S counterterrorist organizations would manage to ceil the flow of the youngsters to the terrorist organizations, than the terrorism would be defeated. It can be accomplished by the propaganda of the Western lifestyle among the Muslim children and teenagers, organizing academic and cultural exchanges to make them see that Westerners are the usual people, with their principles and values, in the same time respective to the moral and religious values of other people. Terrorism is a very stressful phenomenon, as it makes people live in constant fear for their friends and loved ones. It should be eliminated for to bring peace into the contemporary world. The war with terrorism is not easy or quick one. It demands lots of time and strength to accomplish, but the results, which are the safety of our children and loved ones, and millions of people worldwide, are worth it. References Royal Institute of International Affairs, Chatham House, London. (1998) Global Terrorism, Lecture. by Lakshman Kadirgamar. Retrieved February 14, 2005 Crenshaw, Martha. (1992). Current Research on Terrorism: The Academic Perspective. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 1-11. Lesser, Ian, Hoffman, B, Ronfelt, D, Zanini, M, Arquilla, J. (1999). Countering the New Terrorism. RAND Corporation. Kalis, Martin. (2001). A New Approach to International Terrorism. International Affairs Review. Vol .10, Num 2. Hudson, Rex. (1999). The Sociology and Psychology of Terrorism: Who Becomes a Terrorist and Why?. Federal Research pision, Library of Congress. Retrieved February 14, 2005 http://www.fas.org/irp/threat/frd.html Perina, K. (2002). Suicide terrorism: seeking motives beyond mental illness. Psychology Today, 35 (5), p.15

Free Essays on Aritficial Intelligence

Recently, the media has spent an increasing amount of broadcast time on new technology. The focus of high-tech media has been aimed at the flurry of advances concerning artificial intelligence (AI). What is artificial intelligence and what is the media talking about? Are these technologies beneficial to our society or mere novelties among business and marketing professionals? Medical facilities, police departments, and manufacturing plants have all been changed by AI but how? These questions and many others are the concern of the general public brought about by the lack of education concerning rapidly advancing computer technology. Artificial intelligence is defined as the ability of a machine to think for itself. Scientists and theorists continue to debate if computers will actually be able to think for themselves at one point (Patterson 7). The generally accepted theory is that computers do and will think more in the future. AI has grown rapidly in the last ten years chiefly because of the advances in computer architecture. The term artificial intelligence was actually coined in 1956 by a group of scientists having their first meeting on the topic (Patterson 6). Early attempts at AI were neural networks modeled after the ones in the human brain. Success was minimal at best because of the lack of computer technology needed to calculate such large equations. AI is achieved using a number of different methods. The more popular implementations comprise neural networks, chaos engineering, fuzzy logic, knowledge based systems, and expert systems. Using any one of the aforementioned design structures requires a specialized computer system. For example, Anderson Consulting applies a knowledge based system to commercial loan officers using multimedia (Hedburg 121). Their system requires a fast IBM desktop computer. Other systems may require even more horsepower using exotic computers or workstations. Even more exotic is the software th... Free Essays on Aritficial Intelligence Free Essays on Aritficial Intelligence Recently, the media has spent an increasing amount of broadcast time on new technology. The focus of high-tech media has been aimed at the flurry of advances concerning artificial intelligence (AI). What is artificial intelligence and what is the media talking about? Are these technologies beneficial to our society or mere novelties among business and marketing professionals? Medical facilities, police departments, and manufacturing plants have all been changed by AI but how? These questions and many others are the concern of the general public brought about by the lack of education concerning rapidly advancing computer technology. Artificial intelligence is defined as the ability of a machine to think for itself. Scientists and theorists continue to debate if computers will actually be able to think for themselves at one point (Patterson 7). The generally accepted theory is that computers do and will think more in the future. AI has grown rapidly in the last ten years chiefly because of the advances in computer architecture. The term artificial intelligence was actually coined in 1956 by a group of scientists having their first meeting on the topic (Patterson 6). Early attempts at AI were neural networks modeled after the ones in the human brain. Success was minimal at best because of the lack of computer technology needed to calculate such large equations. AI is achieved using a number of different methods. The more popular implementations comprise neural networks, chaos engineering, fuzzy logic, knowledge based systems, and expert systems. Using any one of the aforementioned design structures requires a specialized computer system. For example, Anderson Consulting applies a knowledge based system to commercial loan officers using multimedia (Hedburg 121). Their system requires a fast IBM desktop computer. Other systems may require even more horsepower using exotic computers or workstations. Even more exotic is the software th...

Final Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Final - Research Paper Example Social media plays several functions. In previous generations, before the advent of social media, people relied on traditional news outlets such as television, radio, and newspapers. Fast forward, and nowadays people log into their social media accounts to see current trends (Ahn 1436). For that reason, social media is a source of information, available on a handheld gadget. In addition, several people have started their businesses online, and thus, it is a form of startup and a means of employment for both ordinary and techno savvy individuals (William 11). Finally, social media allows people to show their emotions transparently and reveal their whereabouts in a general manner that alerts their friends. There are several benefits of participating in various social media. Firstly, social media keeps people up-to-date and informed about current events (Pernisco 12). Although it may sometimes be unreliable in terms of content, it is the fastest source of information in the modern world. Secondly, social media promotes social justice. The ability to express opinions online reaches several people and concerned parties. For that reason, a mass of people can pass a point across, create social awareness, and in consequence, enhance social justice. Thirdly, and most importantly, interconnectedness through social media promotes tolerance of other cultures and races. Social media enables people from different regions to interact like friends. There are several drawbacks of participating in various social media. The loss of face-to-face interaction is one of the detrimental effects of social media in my life. I am unable to communicate and relate with friends as I used to during my childhood years. Illiteracy is another detrimental effect (Pernisco 8). The use of slang and shortened abbreviations has lessened the level of literacy of most people in the society. Overall,

Outsourcing and Manufacturing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Outsourcing and Manufacturing - Assignment Example In addition, labor shortages in the manufacturing industry may compel them to outsource their services. This is mostly evident in china where most individuals are opting to remain in the rural areas due to the rising costs in urban areas (Loyalka, 2012). The fact that their population is fast aging is also a compelling factor for manufacturing industries in the country to outsource. For America to succeed, it ought to educate most of its students mostly in science, engineering, math, and technology (Malone, 2012). This is because most of the manufacturing positions are lacking applicants due to unavailability of the necessary skills required to partake those manufacturing jobs. Moreover, for a manager to succeed in the 21st century, they ought to have a good working relation with their employees to enable them fish out and solve any arising problems. The managers also ought to be on the lookout for any sign of labor shortage or increased cost of production that might bring their organization down. Where need be, the managers should outsource some of the services that they find expensive for their companies to

Young British Artists and the world Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Young British Artists and the world - Essay Example Most art forms seem to go through phases and cycles of inspiration. Sometimes, it seems that the well of inspiration is particularly dry; during other times, like the wave of rising popularity for young British artists, particularly during the early and mid 1990's Not only has contemporary British art become more popular here at home, but also abroad. This has implications not only for the artists themselves, but also for the scope of mainstream contemporary art as a whole. Additionally, the whole of British culture is affected by this latest wave of young inspiration, as well as the world's view of Great Britain and British culture.In the late 1980's, British art entered a new exciting chapter-a new wave of inspiration was borne of apathy and confusion, and the hearts and minds of a new generation and breed of artists-those who would soon become known as the YBA's, or Young British Artists.The generation known as Young British Artists (YBAs) were born between the mid-1960s and 1970s , and emerged from the art schools in the late 1980s. In these educational establishments major changes were taking place. They registered a reaction to the then Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, who claimed that there was 'no such thing as society'. It was in this context that both teachers and students came together to consider contemporary life and culture head-on, (Nelson 2000) The beginning of this movement is most often attributed to a 1988 exhibit in London, entitled Freeze, and organized by Damien Hirst, while he was still an art student at Goldsmiths College. He would go on to become the most widely celebrated of the YBA's, but was accompanied by such artists as Tracey Emin, Cornelia Parker, Christine Borland, and Sarah Lucas, to name a few, (Tate Online Glossary) The notion of the young celebrity artist seems to be a fairly new one, with an uncanny cult-like following. The work of artists such as Tracey Emin, Damian Hirst, the Chapman brothers, and Grayson Perry had all but taken on a life of it's own in the 1990's. It can be argued that the art was essentially representative of the culture at the time, emerging simultaneously with the 'grunge' movement in music and lifestyle. Certainly it is no coincidence that the YBA movement seemed to begin at the same time that the grunge rock band Nirvana appeared on the global scene, emerging from Seattle in the United States, and making a trend of stoner nonchalance, torn jeans and flannel shirts, the epitome of 'cool'. It is not that the global grunge movement was a direct result of the artistic YBA movement in London, nor vice versa. Rather, the world seem filled at the time with a feeling of apathy for life; there were no major wars to be fought, and nothing to be won, just an ubiquitous haze of melancholy that seemed to infiltrate everything in its path. These angry youth burst onto the cultural landscape all over, forming a sort of cultural revolution, and then "screaming how fucked-up it and everything around it was," (Bracewell 2002). To be certain, "the label YBA turned out to be a powerful brand and marketing tool, but of course it concealed huge diversity. Nevertheless certain broad trends both formal an d thematic can be discerned. Formally, the era is marked by a complete openness towards the materials and processes with which art can be made and the form that it can take," (Tate Online Glossary). In theory and in practice, the YBA was essentially raging aganst life in general. The YBA movement, like the grunge rock movement in the United States, began as a socialist, anti-corporate, anti-establishment movement, rallying against invisible oppression, and finding common ground in the assertion and expression of the artist's idea of self. For them, depression, alcoholism, and poverty were a reality to be shared with the world at large. Tracey Emin, who is described as "one of the most prominent members of

Discrimination Disabled People

Discrimination Disabled People Approximately 9 million of the worlds 650 million disabled people live in the UK. According to a recent report of the Department of Works and Pensions, even though 3.6 million of the disabled, (i.e. approximately 40% of the total disabled population) are between 19 and 59, only about a million (i.e. less than 30 % of them) are employed. (Berthoud, 2006) Compared to the existing employment rate of 76% (Berthoud, 2006) among the non disabled population, the figures for the disabled are staggeringly low and pose serious questions about British society. Despite the UK being among the first nations to sign the recent United Nations Human Rights Convention for Disabled People, the number of British adults claiming out of work disability benefits grew from 1 million in the mid 1970s to 2.5 million in the mid 1990s; (Berthoud, 2006) an ironical fact and a telling commentary on the gap between public policy and actual practice. Discrimination in the workplace, as well as outside, continues to unfortunately exist in Britain despite extensive and progressive legislation to combat the phenomenon. Work and pensions minister Anne McGuire recently stated that â€Å"Britains 10 million disabled people have had to endure a legacy of exclusion, inside and outside the workplace.† (Mulholland, 2005) 0733966 The last ten years have seen the progressive implementation of the requirements of the Disability Discrimination Act of 1995, and its enlargement in 2005, as well as the enactment of the Human Rights bill in 1998. The fact that these legislations, along with regular public debate and substantial research on the issue, have been accompanied by a significant increase in the number of unemployed disabled in the working age group (Berthoud, 2006) point to the existence of a social problem of significant dimensions, which whilst recognised, is far from resolution. Discrimination arises primarily from prejudice; it is an emotional response to perceived threats and discomforts that cannot be rationally justified. (Lang, 1998) Discrimination against the disabled, at work and outside, social researchers feel, is primarily a social problem. (Lang, 1998) Entrenched in the thought processes and attitudes of society, it owes its origins to historical, social, cultural, and economic causes. (Lang, 1998) Whilst most people appear to agree that discrimination against the disabled is abhorrent and has no place in modern societies, its continuance leads to concerns, both about the sincerity of such adopted positions, as well as about effective measures to reduce and eliminate the problem. Commentary The Disability Discrimination Act (DDA), 2005, defines disabled persons thus: â€Å"An adult or a child is disabled if he or she has a physical or mental impairment which has an adverse effect that is: substantial (not just trivial or minor); adverse; and long 0733966 term (lasting or expected to last for at least a year) on his ability to carry out normal day to day activities. People who have a disability within the definition are protected from discrimination even if they have since recovered.† (Disability Discrimination Act the rights of disabled people, 2007) Whilst disability can broadly be described as a condition or function that is felt to be significantly impaired compared to the usual standard of an individual of the concerned group, the term often refers to individual functioning and includes physical, sensory, cognitive, and intellectual impairment, as well as mental ailments and certain types of chronic disease. (Disability Discrimination Act the rights of disabled people, 2007) New provisions in the DDA (2005) have widened the definition of disabled persons to provide protection to people with cancer, AIDS, and multiple sclerosis, and removed the stipulation that mental illness must be clinically well recognised to be judged to be mental impairment. (Disability Discrimination Act the rights of disabled people, 2007) Although discrimination against disabled people has existed since historical times, the phenomenon has impacted pubic consciousness only during the last fifty years. (Barnes, 1991) The enactment of the Disabled Persons Employment bill in 1944, even though it occurred in response to the peace time needs of injured soldiers, marked the beginning of legislation on the issue. (Barnes, 1991) Whilst employment for the disabled, in the past, existed purely in the domain of charitable and voluntary organisations, the 1944 legislation made a concrete effort to tackle the problem by treating disabled persons as one group; it also addressed the question of their employment, provided a range of specialist services designed to find jobs for disabled 0733966 people, established a quota scheme, and institutionalised their legal rights to employment. (Barnes, 1991) Although the quota scheme made it mandatory for employers to fill at least 3% of their staff strength with disabled people, the initiative never really made progress because of lack of governmental commitment and the proclivity of employers to sidestep the provisions of the law. (Barnes, 1991) Confusion in policy making during the next few decades saw the introduction of various fuzzy and ill thought measures like inducements and subsidies to employers to take on disabled employees. (Barnes, 1991) Whilst policy measures for improving employment chances of disabled people, up to the 1990s, focussed more on persuasion and inducement of employers, the passing of the Disability Discrimination Act (DDA) in 1995 made it (a) illegal for employers to discriminate against disabled people in the course of filling vacancies, and (b) mandatory for them to provide certain conveniences to disabled staff. (Disability Discrimination Act the rights of disabled people, 2007) Key rights of disabled persons under the act include the right to fair employment, the right to access goods, facilities and services provided to the public, the right to have reasonable adjustments made to premises or workstations by employers, the right to let or sell land or property, and the right to education in any school, college, or institute. (Disability Discrimination Act the rights of disabled people, 2007) The enactment made acts of wilful discrimination, as evinced by treating disabled persons less favourably than others, (because of their disabilities), without reasonable justification, or failing to make reasonable adjustments for disabled persons without adequate reasons, illegal and liable for severe penalties. 0733966 The scope of the DDA (1995) was further enlarged by the DDA (2005), which added to the list of people covered under the scope of disabled, and included provisions that (a) made it unlawful for operators of transport vehicles to discriminate against disabled people, (b) made it easier for disabled people to rent property and for tenants to make disability-related adaptations (c) ensured that discrimination law covered all activities of public authorities, (d) protected disabled councillors against discrimination and (e) covered larger private members clubs and bodies that awarded general qualifications (like GCSEs and A Levels). (Disability Discrimination Act the rights of disabled people, 2007) The stipulations of DDA enactments reveal a strong shift from previous policies; whereas policy makers previously assumed that disabled people were significantly less effective than others in the workplace, and policies for improving employment prospects for the disabled depended upon persuasion and inducement of employers, current legislation accepts the fact that disabled people are subjected to unfair discrimination and exclusion by employers and service providers. They need to be treated equally, and their special requirements considered and provided for. Whilst the 1995 and 2005 DDA enactments, even though falling short of compulsion, make it obligatory for all employers and service providers to ensure fairer treatment of disabled people, they also confirm the presence of intense and blatant intolerance and discrimination in the British workplace against disabled people. Nothing illustrates the extent of existing discrimination, rather oppression, in the workplace in the UK better than a report prepared by Deborah Cohen and Karen Hebert carried by the 0733966 British Medical Journal (2004) on discrimination against disabled doctors by members of their own fraternity. â€Å"In a small qualitative study, disabled doctorsreported feeling isolated and stigmatised, and that there wasa lack of understanding and flexibility. Despite medicine beinga caring profession, medicine is not supportive or enabling,especially to those who do not conform to the normative perceivedstandard. One doctor with a disability said: ‘[You] would expecttolerance from doctors, but this is the worst group when dealingwith their own most people dont want to know medicinehas a `survival of the fittest style.† (Cohen and Hebert, 2004) If medical professionals, who are under Hippocratic Oath and have made conscious career decisions to work in areas that require compassion and understanding, are apt to have discriminatory attitudes towards the disabled, such attitudes will obviously be much stronger in the common population. Discrimination, as is common knowledge, exhibits itself in a myriad ways, and is felt most sharply by the people who experience it. For many disabled people it starts from before they were born. The Society for Protection of Unborn Children (2007) states that prenatal screening tests that indicate disabling conditions in unborn babies often lead to pressure on mothers to abort the children. Human embryos conceived in test tubes are examined for disabling conditions and thrown away if found to have disabling conditions. Newborn babies, particularly those with conditions such as Downs syndrome and spina bifida, are sometimes sedated and starved to death. Denial of food and water to those in  "Persistent Vegetative State† is common. (Fatal discrimination against disabled people, 2007) 0733966 The discrimination that evidences itself in the workplace is but an extension of various discriminatory practices that disabled people experience at school and in society as they grow up; these practices also often aggravate their condition and increase their discomfort in their working lives. An article in Socialist Review (1995) states that the majority of disabled people are in poorly paid jobs, and are far less likely to be employed compared to people without disabilities. Whilst both disabled men and women earn significantly less than others, their living costs tend to be significantly higher because of needs such as transport, clothing and facilities in the home. (Equal Access, 1995) It is estimated that two thirds of all disabled people live below the poverty line. Most disabled people earn far too little to buy their own houses. (Equal Access, 1995) Even though the article was published 10 years ago, current studies show little change in the situation on the ground. (Berthoud , 2006) The employment rate for disabled people continues to be much lower than that of people without disabilities, they earn less, and are far less likely to hold responsible positions. (Berthoud, 2006) Theories to analyse and explain discriminatory attitudes depend upon different models and thought constructs, most of which have emerged in recent decades. Whilst discrimination against the disabled has existed since historical times, social researchers believe that discriminatory attitudes hardened with the advent of industrialisation and capitalism. (Lang, 1998) The industrial revolution and the rise of capitalism put an end to agrarian societies, created the need for able bodied men to work in factories, promoted the rise of individualism, and marginalised disabled people as ineffective and unprofitable components of society, who needed to be segregated and cared for, rather 0733966 than integrated in the productive working class. (Lang, 1998) Whilst this line of argument, though widely accepted, does not explain the presence of discriminatory attitudes towards disabled people in societies that remained non-industrialised and primarily agrarian until well into the 20th century, the sudden redundancy of people with impairments in the working classes during the industrial revolution led to the participation of the medical profession in the issue. (Lang, 1998) The involvement of medical professionals, who were called in to categorise the type of impairment, led to the medicalisation of society and to the emergence of the Medical Model, the use of which continues even today. (Lang, 1998) The medical model assumes that (a) disability is a diseased state, (b) it is essentially an unfortunate individual problem that occurs on a random basis, (c) it is the responsibility of the medical profession to treat disabled people (d) disabled people are biologically and psycholo gically inferior to those who are able-bodied, (e) disabled people or their families cannot take decisions about their lives, and that (f) the medical profession should play a dominant role in deciding upon their lives. (Lang, 1998) Whilst discrimination against disabled people has existed from historical times and across societies, researchers feel that the issue was possibly aggravated immensely in the UK by the industrial revolution, the growth of capitalism and the dominance of the medical model. Social attitudes towards disabled people hardened during the 18th, 19th and much of the 20th century and developed into deep rooted prejudice, which evinced itself in various ways of discrimination and oppression, and led to the imposition of great difficulties on disabled people. (Lang, 1998) Thompson, in 0733966 2001, provided a PCS model that attempts to explain the complex nature in which inequalities, prejudice and discrimination operate to impact the lives of individuals, groups and communities. (Thompson, 2001) Thompson argues that three interlinked levels reinforce discrimination and oppression within society. These operate at the Personal, Cultural and Structural levels and mutually reinforce each other to create extensive and deep rooted biases against people. (Thompson, 2001) At the personal level this relates to individual views and can evidence itself through patronising behaviour towards the disabled, feelings of physical and intellectual superiority, and dislike for the different physical appearances of people with impairments. At the cultural level, people can share common beliefs, (accentuated by the dominance of the medical model) regarding the physical and psychological inferiority of disabled people, along with related feelings about their incapability in handling their liv es, and the need to institutionalise and treat them separately. Structurally discrimination can evidence itself through a myriad of excluding and disempowering conditions like the preponderance of escalators rather than lifts at tube stations, the low representation of the disabled at the workplace, the lack of textbooks for blind people, the presence of separate schools for disabled children, and the widespread lack of facilities for disabled people at pubs, cinemas, amusement parks, airports, railway stations, and even polling booths. Recent years have seen some change in these attitudes and led to the development of the Social Model, which, in contrast to the Medical Model argues that disabled individuals are as much part of mainstream society as able bodied individuals and social obstacles â€Å"like inaccessible buildings, unusable transport systems as well as 0733966 pejorative social attitudes, prejudice and institutionalised discrimination †¦ are the real concerns of disability.† (Lang, 1998) Disability, in the social model is seen to arise from socio-cultural rather than biological causes; it is imposed on existing physical impairments through isolationist and excluding attitudes, behaviours, and policies and amounts to oppression. (Lang, 1998) Conclusion Whilst discrimination and oppression against disabled people in the workplace continues to occur, recent legislation aims to level the playing field by ensuring that employers and service providers do not adopt discriminatory attitudes towards the disabled, and apart from treating them at par with able bodied people take cognizance of their needs and provide for the same. The DDA enjoins employers and service providers, namely companies and organisations that provide goods, facilities, and services to the public, for example banks, hospitals, local authority services, cinemas, railway and bus stations, shops, hotels, restaurants, football grounds, public parks, and private education to make reasonable adjustments to cater to the needs of disabled people, and service users have the right to approach the legal and official machinery if such needs are not met. Social workers and practitioners, despite their education and profession are vulnerable to PCS factors and need to ensure that they approach the issue on the basis that the disabled, while being different, are part of mainstream society and need help and assimilation, not pity. Current legislation calls for the active involvement of social workers in assessing the needs of disabled people and studies indicate that responses 0733966 of social workers are influenced by a number of variables and often differ in assessing the needs of service users. Understanding the perspectives of service users is essential for assessing their actual needs. (Noe, 2007) â€Å"Social workers will have to be flexible without losing focus, take cognizance of the views of disabled people, be theoretically informed, be ready to challenge and change existing ideas and practices, analyse the oppressive nature of organisational culture and its impact on practice, include continuous reflection and evaluation of practice, have multidimensional change strategies, which incorporate the concepts of networking, user involvement, partnership and participation, and analyse the issues of power, both personal and structural.† (Noe, 2007) The contribution of disabled people to the workplace, especially in the context of an ageing society, can be immense and their inclusion will not just bring in the benefits of diversity but also add to organisational skills and competitive advantage f organisations. Whilst enacted laws will no doubt help in bringing in assimilation and integration, real progress will occur only with the proactive support of employers, service providers and social workers. These include making adjustments to premises, allocating some of the duties of disabled persons to others, altering working hours, acquiring or modifying equipment, providing good quality training and supervision, not refuse to provide services, and change existing policies and procedures to make them disabled-friendly. 0733966 Businesses would be well served by conducting access audits and involving disabled persons in recruitment, selection, training, and assimilation processes. Keeping disabled people out of workplaces, and refusing them to give them their due rights makes bad social and business sense because even as society loses out on their contribution, in exchange for some very small cost and adjustment issues, it denies them the opportunity to live meaningful and dignified lives. Nine out of seventy million Britishers are disabled; the able bodied need to realise that even one road accident or a multiple sclerosis attack could make them disabled, and whether that would be good enough reason for excluding them from the rights and benefits available to other citizens. 0733966 References Barnes, C, 1991, Chapter 4, Disabled people in Britain and Discrimination, Retrieved November 16, 2007 from http://www.leeds.ac.uk/disability-studies/archiveuk/Barnes/disabled%20people%20and%20discrim%20ch4.pdf Berthoud, R, 2006, The employment rates of disabled people, Department for Work and Pensions, Retrieved November 16, 2007 from http://www.dwp.gov.uk/asd/asd5/rports2005-2006/rrep298.pdf Cohen, D, and Hebert, K, 2004, Equality and diversity in the workplace, BMJ Career Focus, Retrieved November 16, 2007 from careerfocus.bmjjournals.com/cgi/reprint/329/7467/116.pdf Conaway, J, 1999, September, Enabling the Disabled, Americas (English Edition), 51, 52 Conniff, R, 1996, Banishing the Disabled, The Progressive, 60, 20+ Davis, K, 1996, The social model of disability and its implication for language use, Derbyshire coalition of disabled people, Retrieved November 16, 2007 from www.saifscotland.org.uk/documents/SocialModelLanguage-newlogo.pdf Disability and Access Issues, 2004, Systems Concepts, Retrieved November 16, 2007 from www.system-concepts.com/articles/article0054.html Disability Discrimination Act the rights of disabled people, 2007, Shaw Trust, Retrieved November 16, 2007 from www.shaw-trust.org.uk/page/6/91/ 0733966 Equal Access, 1995, Socialist Review, Retrieved November 16, 2007 from pubs.socialistreviewindex.org.uk/sr183/stack1.htm Exploring anti-oppressive practices, Thompsons PCS Model, 2002, Student Youth Work Online, Retrieved November 16, 2007 from youthworkcentral.tripod.com/aop_pcs.htm Fatal discrimination against disabled people, 2007, Society for the Protection of Unborn Children, Retrieved November 16, 2007 from www.spuc.org.uk/about/no-less-human/discrimination Hirst, M, Thornton, P, and Dearey, M, 2004, The employment of disabled people in the public sector, University of York, Retrieved November 16, 2007 from http://www.leeds.ac.uk/disability-studies/archiveuk/Thornton/Employment% Lang, R, 1998, A critique of the disability movement Asia Pacific disability rehabilitation journal, Vol. 9, 1, Retrieved November 16, 2007 from www.dinf.ne.jp/doc/english/asia/resource/apdrj/z13jo0100/z13jo0103.htm Matsell, G, 2006, Attitude towards disability needs to change, Nottinghamshire County Teaching, Retrieved November 16, 2007 from http://www.nottinghamshirecountyteachingpct.nhs.uk/EasySite/lib/serveDocument.asp?doc=12154pgid=9876. Mulholland, H, 2005, Prejudice still blocking disabled peoples path to work, Society Guardian, Retrieved November 16, 2007 from www.guardian.co.uk/society/2005/may/25/disability.equality Noe, S. R, 2007, Discrimination against Individuals with Mental Illness. The Journal of Rehabilitation, 63(1), 20+ 0733966 Russell, M, and Malhotra, R, 2002, The Political Economy of Disablement: Advances And Contradictions, Socialist Register, Retrieved November 16, 2007 from www.zmag.org/content/Miscellaneous/russell_socreg.cfm Rocco, T, 2001, The invisible people, disability, diversity, and issues of power in adult education, Retrieved November 16, 2007 from https://idea.iupui.edu/dspace/bitstream/1805/414/1/Rocco%20T%20.pdf The Rights Stuff; Can Disabled People Ever Get a Really Good Job? Barney Calman Meets a Tireless Campaigner with a High-Powered Career Who Is Determined to Help Others Overcome Their Disadvantages, 2005, May 31, The Evening Standard (London, England), p. 1 Thompson, N (2001) Anti-Discriminatory Practice, Third Edition, London: Palgrave Tregaskis, C, 2004, Constructions of Disability: Researching the Interface between Disabled and Non-Disabled People. New York: Routledge UK signs up to UN disability rights convention, 2007, Managing Diversity, Retrieved November 16, 2007 from www.managingdiversity.co.uk/news_article.php Welcome to The United Kingdoms Disabled Peoples Council (UKDPC) 123, 2003, BCODP, Retrieved November 16, 2007 from www.bcodp.org.uk

Greed - Vital to Human Welfare Essay -- Expository Essays

Greed - Vital to Human Welfare What's the noblest of human motivations? Some might be tempted to answer: charity, love of one's neighbor or, in modern, politically correct language: giving something back to the community. In my book, these are indeed noble motivations, but they pale in comparison to a much more potent motivation for human action. For me the noblest of human motivations is greed. I don't mean theft, fraud, tricks, or misrepresentation. By greed I mean people being only or mostly concerned with getting the most they can for themselves and not necessarily concerned about the welfare of others. Social consternation might cause one to cringe at the suggestion that greed might possibly be seen as a noble motivation. "Enlightened self-interest" might be a preferable term. I prefer greed since it is far more descriptive and less likely to be confused with other human motives. That human greed is the greatest of human motivations should be obvious to all; however, a few examples will make it more concrete. Texas cattle ranchers make enormous sacrifices to husband and insure the safety and well-being of their herds: running down stray cattle in the snow to care for and feed them, hiring veterinarians to insure their health, taking them to feed yards in time to fatten them up prior to selling them to slaughter houses. The result of these sacrifices is that New Yorkers can enjoy having beef on their supermarket shelves. Idaho potato farmers arise early in the morning. They do backbreaking work in potato fields, with the sun beating down on them and maybe being eaten by bugs. Similarly, the result of their sacrifices is that New Yorkers can also enjoy having potatoes on their supermarket shelves. Why do Texas cattl... ...ng an endangered species. Such a decree reduces the private use-value of the land and hence weakens incentives to care for the land. Similarly, if there were high transfer taxes for land sales, it too would weaken incentives to care for the land. In fact, anything that weakens the owner's private property rights in the land weakens his incentives to do the socially responsible thing - conserve on society's scarce resources. While human motivations such as charity, love, or concern for others are important and salutatory, they are nowhere nearly as important as people's desire to have more for themselves. We all know that but we pretend it is not. That unwillingness to acknowledge personal greed as vital to human welfare, and instead view it with disapproval, makes us easy prey to charlatans and quacks who'd take away our liberties in the name of combatting greed.

Childhood Memory Essay

I would define childhood as a never ending vacation, a rollercoaster ride that never stops exciting and entertaining, making life worth living. But childhood also has its memories that a person would remember when they grow up or probably when they are sharing with their kids about what they cherish the most or what made them realize how beautiful childhood actually was compared to being grown up. The memory that still makes me rethink about my decision and makes me wish that I could go back in time and reverse it, during my childhood I had a craze for riding bicycles with my friends. During one sunny afternoon, I and my best friend George went for a ride in our neighborhood. Enjoying the lovely weather and scenery, we were following our usual routine for weekends which was to go around and just talk and enjoy the time together, but one day something different happened. It was 4 in the evening and it was getting a little cold outside so we decided to have a small race before we could head back home and watch some television. We decided our starting and finishing points and after a long debate we decided whoever wins would get an extra pack of chips during the television time. So after we got to the starting point we both were eager and ready to beat each other and finally we took off, George being the more fitter was in the lead from the start but I did not give up. Teasing away and making fun of me George was certain to win the race when something very shocking happened. Without knowing George accidently ran on top of a small puppy across the street and in doing so he fell down from his bicycle and looked badly injured. I could not help but to go for the finish because I wanted to win. As I got back to where George had fell and started laughing at him for loosing then suddenly I realized George was crying not because he was injured because the puppy badly wounded. I freaked out and had no idea what to do so we decided if we go and tell someone we might get in a problem so we decided to run away to get back home. After we got home I was so scared to even tell my mom what caused George to fall and lied that he fell because of a stone that was on the road and we were not racing. I could not sleep and I decided to tell my mother what had actually happened. My mother was upset and she told me that instead of wanting to win just for an extra pack of chips I should have tried to save the puppy and also take care of George earlier. That night I learned my lesson that winning is not everything, sometimes loosing makes you a better winner.

American Foreign Policy essays

American Foreign Policy essays American foreign policy has taken an imperialistic approach towards the rest of the world after World War II. America was an example to the rest of society because we thought we were doing Gods will to prosper. We were living in a New World Order in which free enterprise, democracy, and respect for human rights was our priority. America felt that it was chosen to lead the world and promote security for the entire world. The North Vietnamese threatened this security during the Vietnam War when they wanted to take control of South Vietnam and spread communism all throughout Europe and Asia. The policy of containment, which was used as a strategy to counter aggressive Russian foreign policy, was futile during the Vietnam War. A new approach had to be developed by President Nixon to help the United States out of this situation. The presidents declared doctrines reflected their views towards the rest of the world. For example, President Nixon announced its allies that he would no longer send American troops abroad to defend them. President Nixon declared that his aid was to be restricted to the transfer of money, equipment, and technology. This was a very bad move at the time because the United States was still deeply involved in the Vietnam War. On the other hand, President Truman showed how much he believed in our role of maintaining world peace. He declared that it must the policy of the United States to support people who are resisting attempted subjugation by aimed minorities or by outside pressures. Henry Kissinger played an important role in shaping American Foreign Policy. He was the security advisor to President Nixon, and was a great believer in the balance of power. Henry Kissinger believed that all actors in the International Arena should be able to shift from one direction to another to keep equilibrium in order to insure stability. He advised President Nixon that working together with other countries is a better m...

Free Essays on Vivaldi’s Spring, Form The Four Seasons

Vivaldi’s Spring, form The Four Seasons The Baroque era produced a wealth of vocal music, such as Handel’s Messiah and Bach’s Cantata, as well as instrumental music such as Fugue and Prelude and Suites. A large scale of music pieces with polyphonic style is the theme of Baroque music. Although voice is the king but the rise of instrumental music began near the end of this period. One of the best composers of this time was Antonio Vivaldi. Vivaldi was an Italian music composer who lived from 1678 to 1741. He lived in Venice and taught music at an all-girls orphanage for most of his life. He was a master of the violin and is widely known as the composer of concertos. By exhibiting such extraordinary powers of musical memory and ear-sophistication, Vivaldi was able to write more than 450 concertos and over 50 operas. After his death he was all but forgotten for 200 years until his works were discovered early in this century. The Four Seasons, his most famous work, has become a true classic in the modern world a nd has remained a popular piece until this day. Indeed, Vivaldi’s masterpiece was proudly presented by Paramount High School String Orchestra in the Orchestra Exchange Concert as their opening piece that was held on Monday, Apirl 28th, 2003. A concerto is an instrumental from based on the opposition between two dissimilar bodies of sound. In most of Vivaldi’s concerto, the solo is violin. The Four Seasons is a collection of four concertos that depicts the seasons musically. Of the four concertos, Spring is the least descriptive; it evokes mood and atmosphere rather than specific actions. Nonetheless, Spring’s energetic mood is evoked by the bird’s joyous welcome followed by thunder and lightning. Spring is divided into three movements where sections are noticeably distinct. The first movement is Allegro, this is where the motive of the music is introduced. Following the motive is the solo violin with birdlike tri... Free Essays on Vivaldi’s Spring, Form The Four Seasons Free Essays on Vivaldi’s Spring, Form The Four Seasons Vivaldi’s Spring, form The Four Seasons The Baroque era produced a wealth of vocal music, such as Handel’s Messiah and Bach’s Cantata, as well as instrumental music such as Fugue and Prelude and Suites. A large scale of music pieces with polyphonic style is the theme of Baroque music. Although voice is the king but the rise of instrumental music began near the end of this period. One of the best composers of this time was Antonio Vivaldi. Vivaldi was an Italian music composer who lived from 1678 to 1741. He lived in Venice and taught music at an all-girls orphanage for most of his life. He was a master of the violin and is widely known as the composer of concertos. By exhibiting such extraordinary powers of musical memory and ear-sophistication, Vivaldi was able to write more than 450 concertos and over 50 operas. After his death he was all but forgotten for 200 years until his works were discovered early in this century. The Four Seasons, his most famous work, has become a true classic in the modern world a nd has remained a popular piece until this day. Indeed, Vivaldi’s masterpiece was proudly presented by Paramount High School String Orchestra in the Orchestra Exchange Concert as their opening piece that was held on Monday, Apirl 28th, 2003. A concerto is an instrumental from based on the opposition between two dissimilar bodies of sound. In most of Vivaldi’s concerto, the solo is violin. The Four Seasons is a collection of four concertos that depicts the seasons musically. Of the four concertos, Spring is the least descriptive; it evokes mood and atmosphere rather than specific actions. Nonetheless, Spring’s energetic mood is evoked by the bird’s joyous welcome followed by thunder and lightning. Spring is divided into three movements where sections are noticeably distinct. The first movement is Allegro, this is where the motive of the music is introduced. Following the motive is the solo violin with birdlike tri...

First 3 Religion Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

First 3 Religion Journal - Essay Example The main questions worried modern religious leaders are s Should "practicing" Christian homosexuals, bisexuals, and transgendered people be allowed to serve as ordained ministers? Should the unions of gay and lesbian couples be recognized as legitimate marriages in the eyes of God? These and other questions rend congregations, denominations, and sometimes even our families. One side asserts that people should be welcomed into churches, into the ministry, and into our understanding of the American family regardless of their sexual orientation; the other side insists that any sexual preference other than heterosexuality is a sin and should be proscribed by all faithful Christians. No apparent solution to these disagreements lies on the horizon (Rudy 54). The presence and social acceptance of homosexuality challenges the concept of a God who is known solely or primarily through gender. By their very existence, gay people, and particularly gay Christians, contest the notion that human be ings are meant to live in nuclear, heterosexual families. As a result of their desire to be faithful to and known by God, conservative Christians today are producing an environment in which theological reassurance, salvation, American exceptionalism, homophobia, and political involvement have become gravely interdependent. The marriage doctrines of the Bible demonstrate that conservatives wholeheartedly support sex in instances that uphold the overarching structure of gendered theology. The vicious animosity directed toward homosexuals, along with other aspects of the family values, keeps women at home and dependent on men and thus guarantees every Christian man, woman, and child a relationship with God. Recognition that the bifurcation is not simply between "flesh" and "spirit" brings into sharp focus how hard conservative sexual ideology and the campaign for family values work to keep women in their place. The current struggle over homosexuality in the church, then, is not only a struggle about the morality of sexual preference; it is a conflict rooted in Christian identity and the nature of God (Rudy 51). The struggle among contemporary Christians over the moral acceptability of homosexuality is directly related to who God is perceived to be and how believers think God relates to us in the world tod ay. While the Christian Right championed and developed an extensive discourse about the value of the family and the sinfulness of homosexuality, mainline Christian denominations failed to issue clear, unambiguous statements on these issues. Even progressive Christians marshaled no counterpart to conservative rhetoric. In part this is due to the fact that the belief that the heterosexual nuclear family was both superior to other configurations and in need of protection was hard to escape. It was advocated not only by religious conservatives, but also by an assortment of scholars, journalists, and cultural critics who asserted the family's superiority on sociological or psychological rather than religious grounds (Rudy 54). Homosexuality violates traditional institution of marriage as a core of the society but religious believers have no right to blame or reject homosexual men. In religious tradition, the family is the source of values necessary for resistance to power and tendencies in the modern world. Another Christian justification of homosexuality rests on the idea that homosexual activity is no less moral than intentionally heterosexual activity; that is, homosexuality is morally equivalent to the use of birth control. 2. One of the nine fruits of Spirits is "Goodness". I suppose that goodness is important for every person because

Game Theory Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Game Theory - Research Paper Example The theorem is generally used in economics studies, when there is a repetition of the number of games (Policonomics, â€Å"Game theory III: Folk theorem†). Game Theory has major contribution on repetitive games, wherein individual players have complete knowledge regarding the strategies of the other players. In Folk Theorem, there is a concept i.e. Nash Equilibrium. This concept is identified to have an outcome of one in a game, as the players are not facilitated with the opportunity of having an incentive by deviating from their choice on the basis of the choices of opponents. Contextually, players are not able to have incremental benefits, as others are identified to be grounded on their strategies (MIT, â€Å"Game Theory†). The objective of the current study is to attain comprehensive understandings regarding Folk Theorem by understanding its applications and citing examples prevalent to the real life world. This comprehensive understandings regarding Folk Theorem would eventually abolish all the myths relevant to it. The origin of Folk Theorem is still uncertain, however, it is believed by most of the researchers that the theorem has originated during the late fifties of the 20th century. However, in a very short period of time, the theorem has gained extensive popularity. Since, there is an uncertainty regarding the origin of the theorem, it is therefore termed as Folk Theorem. In mathematical conception, Folk Theorem is the one, which is believed and discussed as well as used extensively, however it is not published. Therefore, the theorem is also known as General Feasibility Theorem, but, the name Folk Theorem is popularly renowned (Policonomics, â€Å"Game theory III: Folk theorem†). Folk Theorem is a decisive part of the Game Theory, which is majorly related to economics. The theorem has an extensive role in the Game Theory that has repeated number of events (MIT, â€Å"Game Theory†). In this regard, it is elaborated that the theorem suggests that